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Home News Vatican

《衆位弟兄》:教宗方濟各的社會通諭

October 6, 2020
in Vatican
《衆位弟兄》:教宗方濟各的社會通諭

教宗在巴拿馬牧靈訪問 | Vatican Media

By Vatican News

Oct 6 2020

促進兄弟關係和社會友情是教宗為建設一個更美好、更公正、更和平的世界指出的道路。這有賴於包括人民和政治機構的衆人共同努力。教宗極力重申,不要再有戰爭和冷漠的全球化。

(梵蒂岡新聞網)對於那些希望在日常人際關係、社會、政治和制度中建立一個更公正和充滿兄弟友愛的世界的人而言,哪些是遠大的理想且具體可行的道路?《衆位弟兄》通諭願意回答這個問題,教宗稱這是一道“社會通諭”(6號),標題取自亞西西聖方濟各的《勸誡》,是以“所有的弟兄姐妹為對象,向他們推薦一種具有福音味道的生活”(1號)。

這道《通諭》旨在促進全世界對手足之情和社會友情的渴望。撰寫這道《通諭》的背景也有新冠病毒大流行的痕跡,教宗方濟各透露,“我在撰寫這信函時,疫情突然而至”。全球性的衛生緊急情況顯示,“沒有一個人能單獨自救”,現在的確到了“夢想所有人屬於唯一人類”的時候了,我們在其内為“眾弟兄”(7-8號)。

《通諭》共八章,第一章以“一個封閉世界的陰影”為標題,詳述當今時代的許多缺陷:操縱和歪曲民主、自由、正義的概念;利己主義和不關心公益;基於盈利和丟棄文化的市場邏輯占主導地位;失業、種族主義、貧窮;權利不平等及其表現出的畸形狀態,例如奴役、人口販運、婦女先被迫屈從,然後被強迫墮胎,以及器官販運(10-24號)。教宗強調,這些都是全球性的問題,因此需要全球性的行動來解決。教宗也指責 “牆壁文化”,這種文化助長那受恐懼和孤獨滋養的黑社會的擴散(27-28號)。

儘管如此,《通諭》以一個光輝的典範來對這衆多的陰影作出回應,那就是第二章提到的慈善的撒瑪黎雅人。這第二章的標題是“街道上的外鄉人”。教宗強調,在一個轉面不顧人的痛苦、對照顧弱小者和脆弱者“一無所知”的病態社會中(64-65號),我們衆人都應邀克勝偏見和個人利益,做他人的近人(81號)。事實上,為建設一個懂得接納、融入和安慰受苦者的社會,我們衆人都負有共同的責任(77號)。

教宗補充道,愛搭建橋樑,而我們正是“為了愛而受造”(88號),基督徒尤其應在每個被排斥者的面容上認出基督(85號)。第三章也再次談到依據“普世幅度”的愛之能力的原則(83號),這一章的標題為“思考和締造一個開放的世界”。教宗在這一章中勉勵我們“走出自己”,好能在他人身上找到“生命的成長”(88號),依照讓我們走向“普世共融”的愛的動力,向近人敞開心胸(95號)。《通諭》提醒道,人類生命的精神情操其實是由愛來界定的,愛讓我們為他人的生命尋求最好的一份(92-93號)。團結互助和兄弟情誼的意識在家庭中誕生,家庭肩負著“首要和不可或缺的教育使命”,應得到保護和尊重(114號)。

教宗繼續表示,不能否定任何一個人度合乎尊嚴生活的權利,由於權利沒有疆界,因此任何人都不能受到排斥,無論他在哪裡出生(121號)。教宗也本著這個觀點呼籲世人思考“一種國際關係的倫理學”(126號),因為每個國家也是異鄉人的故鄉,不應拒絕那些來自其它地區需要幫助的人享用當地的財富。因此,私有財產的自然權利將次於受造界財物共享的原則(120號)。《通諭》特別強調了處理外債的問題:對债务清偿原则態度不變,同時祈願這樣做不會危害較貧窮國家的成長和生存(126號)。

關於移民的課題則在第二章的部分内容和第四章的整章内容談到,第四章的標題為“向整個世界敞開心門”。這些移民逃避戰爭、迫害、自然災害、肆無忌憚的人口販運者,他們被迫離開原來的社團,生活悲苦(37號),因此該當受到接納、保護、提升和融入社會。在接收移民的國家内,應在保護國民的權利與保障收容和救濟移民方面取得適當的平衡(38-40號)。

教宗特別指出幾個“不可或缺的答案”,這些答案尤其針對逃離“嚴重人道危機”的人:增加和簡化簽證的發放;開啓人道走廊;確保住宿、安全和基本服務;提供工作和培育的機會;鼓勵家庭團聚;保護未成年人;保障宗教自由。這一切首先需要一種對移民現象的全球性管理,以所有民族共同發展的名義啟動長期計劃,而不僅是應對個別的緊急情況(129-132號)。

第五章論述“最好的政策”,這種政策是愛德的最珍貴形式之一,因為它為公益服務(180號)且懂得人民的重要性,將人民視為開放的類別,樂於交流和對話(160號)。這乃是教宗方濟各所指的大眾主義,它與“民粹主義”截然相反,後者忽視“人民”概念的合法性,吸引對利用人民為自己服務的贊同意見(159號)。最好的政策也應保護人的工作機會,它是“社會生活不可放棄的要素”,同時應設法確保衆人有機會發展自己的能力(162號)。

《通諭》表示,對抗貧窮的真正策略不僅僅是著眼於將原住民納入社會,而更是要以團結互助和輔助原則的眼光促進他們的發展(187號)。此外,政策的任務應是對一切損害基本人權的行為找到解決之道,如社會排斥;販運器官、人體組織、武器和毒品;性剝削;奴隸勞動;恐怖主義和有組織的犯罪活動。教宗强烈呼籲,要徹底根除販運活動,它是“人類的恥辱”;也應根除飢餓現象,飢餓也是一種“罪行”,因為飲食是“一個不可剝奪的權利”(188-189號)。

教宗繼續强調,政治所需要的是以人的尊嚴為中心,不屈從於財務,因為“市場單靠自己不能解決一切”:金融投機造成的“禍患”就是明證(168號)。因此,人民運動尤其起了重要作用,他們的確是“道德能量的洪流”,理應以協作方式參與社會當中。只有這樣,才能從“對”窮人的政策轉變為“與窮人一起”和“屬於窮人的”政策(169號)。

《通諭》中提出的另一個祈願是針對聯合國的改革:面對經濟至上的風氣,聯合國的任務將是促成“國際大家庭”概念的具體化,為促進公益、根除貧窮和保護人權而努力不懈。《通諭》表示,在孜孜不倦地訴諸“談判、斡旋和仲裁”的同時,聯合國應促進以法律來約束使用武力的權利(173-175號)。

第六章談論“對話與社會友情”,而且提出生命如同“相遇的藝術”這一概念,即與衆人相遇,也包括與世界的邊緣地區和與原住民的相遇,因為“從每個人身上都能學到一些東西,沒有一個人是無用的”(215號)。教宗特別提到“禮貌態度的奇跡”,這是一種需要予以恢復的與人相處的態度,因為它是“黑暗中的一顆明星”,是一種“釋放”,從當今時代占主導地位的“無情、憂慮和分心帶來的緊迫感中釋放出來”(222-224號)。

第七章的標題是“一種新相遇的行程”,對促進和平及其價值進行反思。教宗在此强調,和平是“主動的”,它著眼於組建一個基於為他人服務和力求達到修和及相互發展的社會。和平是“手工藝術”,每個人都必須盡自己的本分來完成它,這個任務永無止境(227-232號)。與和平相關的是寬恕:需要毫不揀選地愛衆人,但愛一個壓迫者則意味著要幫助他轉變,不允許他繼續壓迫近人(241-242號)。

寬恕並不是說讓犯錯的人免於處罰,而是履行正義和保持記憶,因為寬恕不表示忘卻,而是放棄邪惡的摧毀力和復仇。教宗勸勉,絕不可忘記猶太人遭大屠殺、廣島和長崎遭原子彈轟炸、迫害和種族屠殺製造的“恐怖”。應時常牢記這些事件,好使我們不致於麻木並讓集體良知的火焰保持旺盛。此外,保持對善的記憶也很重要(246-252號)。

第七章的部分内容談到戰爭,指出戰爭是“一種持續的威脅”,它使人“所有的權利被剝奪”,是“政治和人類的失敗”,以及“對邪惡勢力的可恥投降”。此外,由於使用令許多無辜平民遭受打擊的核武器、化學和生物武器,今天不能像過去那樣訴諸於一種可能的“正義戰爭”,卻需要極力重申“不可再有戰爭!”徹底消除核武器是合乎“道德和人道的當務之急”;教宗提議,倒不如將花在武備上的金錢用來建立一個旨在消除飢餓的世界基金(255-262號)。

教宗方濟各在死刑問題上也表達了同樣明確的立場:死刑是無法接受的,必須在全世界予以廢除,因為死刑“總是一種殺人的罪行”,即使被殺的人是一名罪犯。教宗寫道,“兇犯並未喪失他個人的尊嚴,天主是這尊嚴的擔保者”(263-269號)。教宗也重申必須尊重“生命的神聖性(283號),某些人卻似乎認為生命是可被犧牲的”,例如胎兒、窮人、殘疾者和老年人的生命(18號)。

在第八章,也就是最後一章中,教宗詳細論述關於“宗教為世界上兄弟情誼服務”的課題,强調恐怖主義並非起源於宗教,而是對宗教作品的錯誤詮釋。恐怖主義也源自所實行的抗飢餓政策、貧窮、不公和欺壓行為(282-283號)。可見,宗教間的和平道路是可行的;為此,需要確保宗教自由,這是所有信徒的基本人權(279號)。《通諭》尤其省思了教會的角色:教會不將自己的使命擱置在私人空間,儘管不參與政治,卻根據福音的原則並未放棄人“生存”的政治層面、對公益的關注,以及對人類整體發展的牽念(276-278號)。

最後,教宗援引他與阿兹哈爾大伊瑪目塔伊布(Ahmad Al-Tayyib)2019年在阿布扎比簽署的“關於促進世界和平與共處的《人類兄弟情誼》文件”,以這個跨宗教對話的里程碑作為起點,再次呼籲,本著人類手足之情的名義,以對話為途徑,共同合作為行動,相互瞭解為方法和準則(285號)。- Vatican News

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Minor transfer of priests

Minor transfer of priests

November 11, 2023
Tender Notice St Catherine of Laboure Church, Putatan

Tender Notice St Catherine of Laboure Church, Putatan

April 29, 2025
Five pilgrimage centers open for Jubilee of Hope 2025

Five pilgrimage centers open for Jubilee of Hope 2025

December 17, 2024
The Church wants to be more the ‘inn’ of the Good Samaritan for the sick

The Church wants to be more the ‘inn’ of the Good Samaritan for the sick

Parishioners are invited to help form prophetic and servant priests

Parishioners are invited to help form prophetic and servant priests

Archdiocesan Notice on SSPX

Archdiocesan Notice on SSPX

April 28 2020

April 28 2020

“MCYD certainly a rollercater of emotions”

“MCYD certainly a rollercater of emotions”

May 9, 2025
Banns of Sacerdotal Ordination

Banns of Sacerdotal Ordination

May 9, 2025
“MCYD give me the chance to draw closer to Jesus”

“MCYD give me the chance to draw closer to Jesus”

May 9, 2025
聖油彌撒指向神職人員與平信徒携手建設基督奧體的使命

聖油彌撒指向神職人員與平信徒携手建設基督奧體的使命

May 9, 2025
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“MCYD certainly a rollercater of emotions”

Banns of Sacerdotal Ordination

“MCYD give me the chance to draw closer to Jesus”

聖油彌撒指向神職人員與平信徒携手建設基督奧體的使命

亞庇總教區天主教中心職員四旬期送暖活動

Vietnamese Church holds 54th national workshop on sacred music and liturgy

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