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Pencemaran udara menjejaskan kesihatan di Thailand

April 26, 2023
in Asia
Pencemaran udara menjejaskan kesihatan di Thailand

Kakitangan perubatan merawat pesakit dengan masalah pernafasan akut di Central Chest Institute of Thailand di Bangkok pada 21 April. (Foto: AFP)

By AFP, Bangkok

Apr 26 2023

BANGKOK, Thailand – Seorang pesakit warga emas yang disambungkan ke tiub, terbaring bergelut untuk bernafas di hospital Bangkok ketika Thailand menghadapi “peningkatan drastik” dalam masalah pernafasan yang disebabkan oleh peningkatan pencemaran udara.

Isterinya memegang tangannya dan mengusap mukanya, dengan seorang jururawat berbaju scrub biru mendengar dadanya melalui stetoskop.

Setiap nafas adalah satu usaha.

Kira-kira 2.4 juta orang di Thailand memerlukan rawatan untuk masalah perubatan yang dikaitkan dengan pencemaran udara sejak awal tahun, termasuk hampir 200,000 minggu ini sahaja, menurut pegawai kesihatan.

Bangkok dan bandar utara Chiang Mai adalah antara 10 bandar paling tercemar di dunia pada hari Jumaat, menurut firma pemantauan kualiti udara IQAir.

Piamlarp Sangsayunh, pakar penyakit pernafasan di Central Chest Institute of Thailand di Nonthaburi, berkata dia telah melihat “peningkatan drastik pesakit sejak Februari”.

“Pesakit biasanya mengalami masalah pernafasan seperti batuk dan sakit tekak,” katanya kepada AFP pada hari Jumaat, sambil menambah bahawa kerengsaan mata juga biasa.

Warga emas adalah antara yang paling terdedah kepada pencemaran udara, yang boleh memburukkan lagi keadaan sedia ada, kadangkala memerlukan mereka diletakkan pada mesin oksigen, katanya.

Tetapi dia berkata mereka yang bekerja di luar rumah — seperti sekumpulan besar peniaga jalanan dan pemandu teksi motosikal di Bangkok — adalah mereka yang “di barisan hadapan” krisis itu.

Udara beracun

Uraiwan Chantana, yang menjual bebola ikan di jalan di kawasan pusat beli-belah Bangkok, berkata menghirup udara beracun setiap hari menyebabkan dia letih, tetapi dia tidak dapat menutup gerainya kerana dia tidak mempunyai cara lain untuk mendapatkan wang.

“Saya rasa sakit terbakar di dalam hidung dan saya kerap batuk,” katanya kepada AFP.

“Saya berasa sesak nafas apabila saya menaiki tangga sedangkan saya biasanya tidak melakukannya.”

Wakil Pertubuhan Kesihatan Sedunia ke Thailand Jos Vandelaer berkata pencemaran udara bukan semata-mata isu kesihatan tetapi juga menjejaskan produktiviti ekonomi.

“Jika orang sakit mereka tidak boleh pergi bekerja, akan ada pengurangan dalam aktiviti ekonomi,” katanya kepada AFP.

Kos ekonomi bagi pencemaran udara di Thailand pada 2019 adalah bersamaan dengan $63.1 bilion atau 11 peratus daripada keluaran dalam negara kasar, menurut ahli ekonomi alam sekitar Universiti Kasetsart, Witsanu Attavanich.

Salah satu kebimbangan terbesar ialah zarah-zarah kecil yang dikenali sebagai PM2.5, lebih kecil daripada diameter rambut, yang boleh menembusi jauh ke dalam paru-paru dan bahkan mencapai aliran darah.

Menurut IQAir, pada 2022 purata kepekatan PM2.5 di Thailand adalah 3.6 kali ganda had garis panduan kualiti udara tahunan WHO.

“Dalam jangka panjang, terdapat lebih banyak risiko untuk jangkitan pernafasan… Jika orang mempunyai asma yang boleh menjadi lebih teruk, orang boleh mengalami penyakit paru-paru kronik, malah kanser paru-paru,” kata Vandelaer.

“Apa yang kurang diketahui ialah PM2.5 ini boleh menyebabkan penyakit kardiovaskular… meningkatkan risiko strok atau serangan jantung.”

Pencemaran udara merupakan faktor kepada kira-kira 31,000 kematian pada 2019 di Thailand menurut data WHO.

Asap daripada kebakaran hutan, petani membakar tunggul tanaman, serta pelepasan kenderaan dan asap yang dihasilkan oleh industri berat, adalah antara punca utama asap toksik di kerajaan itu.

Corak cuaca El Nino juga memburukkan lagi masalah jerebu di Asia Tenggara, kata pakar.

Thailand adalah rumah kepada lebih 70 juta orang dan kualiti udaranya yang rendah adalah isu yang semakin meningkat menjelang pilihan raya negara itu pada 14 Mei, dan kerajaan semasa dituduh tidak melakukan secukupnya.

“Kita perlu menyelesaikan masalah itu pada akar umbinya, sebagai seorang doktor saya hanya bersedia untuk menangani akibatnya,” kata Piamlarp.

Vandelaer berkata lebih banyak peraturan diperlukan untuk menangani kebakaran dan pencemar, sambil menambah bahawa individu juga harus memikirkan bagaimana pilihan pengangkutan dan gaya hidup mereka mempengaruhi kualiti udara.

Pemandu teksi motosikal Bangkok, Tip Panyangam, 59, berkata, dia sering berasa tidak sihat akibat kabut asap walaupun memakai topeng berganda.

“Saya mahu orang yang berkuasa mengurangkannya kerana saya bimbang tentang kesihatan saya,” katanya kepada AFP. – UCA News (terjemahan oleh CS)

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