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教宗訪問伊拉克:將給古老文明的土地書寫歷史嶄新的一頁

March 3, 2021
in Vatican
教宗訪問伊拉克:將給古老文明的土地書寫歷史嶄新的一頁

伊拉克總統訪問梵蒂岡與教宗會面  (Vatican Media)

By Vatican News

Mar 3 2021

教宗方濟各將於3月5日至8日對伊拉克展開歷史性的牧靈訪問。伊拉克不僅是古代非凡文明的傳承者,也是遭戰爭蹂躪的苦難之地。伊拉克人民翹首期盼教宗的訪問,渴望聆聽他和平的綸音,好能在戰爭的廢墟上建設和平的國家。

(梵蒂岡新聞網) 教宗方濟各將於3月5日至8日對伊拉克展開歷史性的牧靈訪問。伊拉克人民正翹首期盼教宗的訪問,渴望聆聽他和平的綸音,好能在戰爭的廢墟上建設和平的國家。在教宗訪問這個國家之前,我們有必要簡要地瞭解一下這個國家的歷史狀況。

伊拉克是世界上石油儲量最多的國家之一,儘管擁有如此巨大的財富,但在超過4千萬的居民中,大多數人民目前仍生活在貧困中。自2020年5月7日起擔任伊拉克總理的穆斯塔法·卡迪米(Mustafa Al Kadhimi)一再強調該國文化與宗教的多元性傳統。他表示,伊拉克人民多元化的特性很強大,自宗徒時代就有基督徒臨在的事實證明了伊拉克人民開放的能力,這種能力是美索不達米亞地區自古以來文明發展的特徵。

伊拉克的歷史與美索不達米亞、波斯人、阿拉伯人、蒙古人和奧斯曼帝國有關。在今天的伊拉克有基督徒的臨在,那是因為自公元70年,耶路撒冷聖殿被毀之後,聖多默宗徒就將基督宗教信仰帶到這古老文明的土地上了。

伊拉克的歷史根源與美索不達米亞和古代文明息息相關。在公元前四千年到公元前六世紀之間,蘇美爾人、阿卡德人、亞述人和巴比倫人居住於此。公元前四世紀,伊拉克處在波斯人和馬其頓征服者亞歷山大大帝的統治之下,隨後是一段動蕩時期:在二到三世紀,是帕提亞人的安息帝國和羅馬帝國互相爭奪時期。從公元七世紀後,伊拉克的歷史就與伊斯蘭的擴張和阿拉伯人的征服緊密聯係在一起了。在八世紀,巴格達成為阿拔斯王朝哈里發國的首都。阿拔斯王朝於13世紀隨著蒙古人的入侵而結束。16世紀時,由奧斯曼帝國的蘇萊曼一世率領的土耳其人征服了巴格達,伊拉克領土被奧斯曼帝國兼併。在隨後的幾個世紀中,先後經歷了貝都因人的入侵和波斯人及馬穆魯克人的統治。

在第一次世界大戰結束和奧斯曼帝國滅亡後,伊拉克置於英國的統治之下。1921年,伊拉克成為君主立憲制國家。1958年,阿卜杜勒·卡西姆(Abdal-KarīmQāsim)將軍發動軍事政變,宣布成立共和國。幾年後,即在1963年,受社會主義思想啓發的復興黨取得政權。1968年後,伊拉克在艾哈邁德·貝克爾(Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr)統治之下。1979年起,薩達姆·侯賽因上台執政,他執政的口號是泛阿拉伯主義,旨在把所有阿拉伯人團結起來的一個社會革命進程。- Vatican News

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