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Bagaimana Vietnam cuba menghentikan beras memanaskan planet ini

March 29, 2023
in Feature
Bagaimana Vietnam cuba menghentikan beras memanaskan planet ini

Foto yang diambil pada 27 Februari 2023 ini menunjukkan seorang petani menyiram jerami yang digunakan untuk menanam cendawan di Can Tho. Beras — ruji utama Asia — dipersalahkan untuk sekitar 10 peratus pelepasan global metana, gas yang selama dua dekad memerangkap kira-kira 80 kali lebih banyak haba daripada karbon dioksida. (Foto: AFP)

By AFP, Can Tho

March 28 2023

Semasa kecil, Dong Van Canh sambil memerhati sawah padi di Delta Mekong Vietnam dibakar untuk memberi laluan kepada tanaman seterusnya, menghitamkan langit dan memenuhi udara dengan gas rumah hijau yang kuat.

Beras — ruji utama Asia — dipersalahkan untuk kira-kira 10 peratus daripada pelepasan global metana, gas yang selama dua dekad memerangkap kira-kira 80 kali lebih banyak haba daripada karbon dioksida.

Biasanya dikaitkan dengan sendawa lembu, paras metana yang tinggi juga dihasilkan oleh bakteria yang tumbuh di sawah yang ditenggelami air dan hidup subur jika sisa jerami reput di ladang selepas dituai.

Mesej daripada saintis ialah: beras tidak boleh diabaikan dalam pertempuran untuk mengurangkan pelepasan.

Di Delta Mekong, Canh, kini seorang petani padi berusia 39 tahun, tidak meninggalkan jerami untuk mereput di sawah – dia juga tidak membakarnya, seperti yang dilakukan oleh ibu bapanya sebelum dia.

Didorong oleh ingatan dipaksa masuk ke dalam rumahnya pada hari-hari asap tebal — kadang-kadang begitu pedas sehingga membuatkan dia tersedak atau pengsan — dia menyertai inisiatif yang mengeluarkan jerami dari ladang dan menjadikannya cendawan dan baja organik, memperoleh pendapatan sampingan.

“Jika kita boleh mengumpul jerami dan membuat wang, kita semua mendapat manfaat,” katanya sambil menjamahkan jarinya melalui timbunan jerami, tahi lembu dan sekam padi yang besar dan lembut yang akan menjadi makanan berkhasiat untuk tanaman Mekong tidak lama lagi.

Pengurangan pelepasan

Program itu — anjuran Institut Penyelidikan Beras Antarabangsa (IRRI) — adalah salah satu daripada segelintir di seluruh Vietnam dan rantau ini yang cuba mengecilkan pelepasan metana daripada pengeluaran beras secara berterusan.

Kebanyakan inisiatif itu bukanlah perkara baharu tetapi telah mendapat perhatian sejak sekitar 100 negara menandatangani Ikrar Metana Global dua tahun lalu, bersetuju untuk mengurangkan pelepasan sebanyak 30 peratus daripada paras 2020 menjelang 2030.

Beberapa pengeluar beras terbesar dunia, termasuk Indonesia, Bangladesh dan Vietnam, berada di pada insiatif yang sama- walaupun dua terbesar, China dan India, gagal menandatangani.

Di Vietnam, apabila musim menuai semakin hampir, petani menolak gerobak yang melimpah dengan bal jerami yang kemudiannya akan direndam dan dibentangkan untuk menanam cendawan jerami.

Setelah kulat siap ia akan dijual sebelum petani mengambil semula jerami dan menyalurkannya ke dalam mesin pengkompos. Dua bulan kemudian ia akan siap — dan boleh dijual pada harga sekitar 15 sen sekilogram (2.2 paun).

“Pada masa lalu beberapa petani melakukan ini secara manual tetapi ia mengambil terlalu banyak tenaga kerja dan kosnya tinggi. Sekarang kami telah mengurangkan kos separuh dan kami akan berkembang untuk memenuhi permintaan pasaran,” kata Le Dinh Du, seorang petani padi yang juga mengetuai jabatan perlindungan tumbuhan daerah tempatan.

“Beras dalam perjalanan yang bagus. Kami tidak membazir apa-apa.”

Bakteria penghasil metana

Kementerian Alam Sekitar Vietnam berkata pengairan padi menyumbang hampir separuh daripada pelepasan metana pada 2019.

Pengurusan jerami mesra iklim telah diperkenalkan dan disebarkan “secara meluas kepada petani dan pegawai pertanian tempatan” di seluruh negara, menurut CGIAR, sebuah pusat penyelidikan pertanian antarabangsa.

Berapa ramai yang mengamalkan apa yang telah dipelajari tidak jelas. Tahun lalu Bank Dunia berkata lebih 80 peratus jerami padi di Delta Mekong masih dibakar di ladang selepas musim menuai.

Keperluan untuk mencari penyelesaian adalah mendesak

Tidak seperti tanaman lain, sawah padi mempunyai lapisan genangan air, jadi tiada pertukaran udara antara tanah dan atmosfera, jelas Bjoern Ole Sander, saintis kanan di IRRI di Hanoi.

Keadaan ini bermakna bakteria berbeza aktif dalam padi, berbanding dengan ladang gandum atau jagung.

“Dan bakteria ini memakan bahan organik dan menghasilkan metana, ” katanya.

Selain pengurusan jerami, IRRI berkata satu lagi skim yang dipanggil Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD), yang melibatkan memecahkan air takungan untuk menambah oksigen dan mengurangkan bakteria penghasil metana, juga boleh membantu mengurangkan pelepasan.

Diamalkan di lebih daripada 200,000 hektar (494,210 ekar) tanah penanaman padi di wilayah An Giang di Delta Mekong, CGIAR berkata ia telah membuat perbezaan yang ketara.

Bagi petani Mekong yang telah mengambil peranan, terdapat kebanggaan untuk menyumbang kepada pertanian yang lebih mampan sambil memanfaatkan hasil tanaman mereka sepenuhnya.

“Kami menjalani kehidupan yang sukar,” kata Canh. “Tetapi sebaik sahaja kami menyedari cara memanfaatkan jerami, perkara menjadi lebih mudah.” – UCA News (Terjemahan oleh CS)

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